ACRONYMY AND BLENDING

Acronymy

This is the process when all the words that combine in a title are shortened to only the initials or first few letters of each. Acronymy is a word that is formed by combining some parts (usually the first letters) of some other terms. Dictionary Language and Linguistic, Hartman (1973: 1) menyatakan bahwa “acronyms are words formed from the initial letters of the words in phrase.”. Dalam Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia memberikan batasan akronim sebagai kependekan yang berupa gabungan

huruf atau suku kata atau bagian lain yang ditulis dan dilafalkan sebagai kata yang wajar (Moeliono dkk., 1994: 4).

Jadi, dari beberapa arti yang telah dikemukakan para ahli dapat kita simpulkan :

1.      akronim merupakan kependekan yang berupa gabungan huruf atau suku kata;  

2.      akronim ditulis dan dilafalkan seperti kata.

Acronymy may remain alphabetism where pronounciation consists of a set of letters. For examples :

-          CD ( Compact Disk )

-          ATM ( Automatic Teller Machine )

-          IQ ( Intelligence Quotient )

-          USA ( United State of America )

-          MC ( Master of Ceremonies )

-          SMK ( Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan )

Acronymy may be pronounced as single word ( Capitalized ), examples :

-          AIDS  ( Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome )

-          NATO ( North Atlantic Treaty Organization )

-          NASA ( National Aeronautics and Space Association )

-          UNILAK ( Universitas Lancang Kuning )

Acronymy may be pronounced as single word ( Un-capitalized )

-          Radar ( radio detecting and ranging )

-          Laser ( light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation )

-          Tilang ( bukti pelanggaran )

-          Rudal ( peluru kendali )

Blending

Blending is the word formation process in which parts of two or more words combine to create a new word whose meaning is often a combination of the original words. For example:

·         advertisement + entertainment → advertainment

·         biographical + picture → biopic

·         breakfast + lunch → brunch

·         chuckle + snort → chortle

·         cybernetic + organism → cyborg

·         guess + estimate → guesstimate

·         hazardous + material → hazmat

·         motor + hotel → motel

·         prim + sissy → prissy

·         simultaneous + broadcast → simulcast

·         smoke + fog → smog

·         Spanish + English → Spanglish

·         spoon + fork → spork

·         telephone + marathon → telethon

·         web + seminar → webinar

References :

-http://www.brighthubeducation.com/esl-lesson-plans/59679-forming-new-words-compounds-clipping-and-blends/

-https://www.google.co.id/imgres?imgurl=http%3A%2F%2Fimage.slidesharecdn.com%2Fprocessesofwordformation-120119062412-phpapp02%2F95%2Fprocesses-of-word-formation-16-728.jpg%3Fcb%3D1326954417&imgrefurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slideshare.net%2Ffurrakhabbas%2Fprocesses-of-word-formation&docid=XdINjvxaCr6nuM&tbnid=UQb8zbsnUAJH7M%3A&w=728&h=546&bih=633&biw=1366&ved=0ahUKEwiEg-3QtOjMAhXFKJQKHeiFAlUQMwgfKAUwBQ&iact=mrc&uact=8

-Baskaran, Loga Mahesan. 2005. A Linguistic Primer for Malaysians. Kuala Lumpur : University of Malaya Press

 

Metaphor and simile

1.        Metaphor

Metafora (Metaphor) adalah cara untuk menggambarkan sesuatu dengan menyamakannya dengan sesuatu yang lain. Ini adalah perbandingan antara dua hal yang berbeda yang memiliki karakteristik penting yang sama.
Misalnya:
"Freddie is a pig when he eats," Freddie adalah pemakan yang ceroboh seperti babi.

Contoh-contoh Metaphor dalam kalimat:

·           A blanket of snow fell today.

Maksudnya “blanket” disini bukan sebagai selimut yang sesungguhnya. Karna salju telah menutupi seluruh permukaan di suatu kota, seperti selimut.

·           He was boiling mad.

Maksudnya “boiling”, seseorang sedang merasa marah yang teramat sangat hingga berada di puncak emosinya.

·           I felt the weight of the world on my shoulders.

Maksudnya “weight of the world”, dia menyamakan beban yang dipikulnya seberat dunia karena merasa beban tersebut amat berat untuknya.

·           You are my sunshine.

Maksudnya “sunshine”, dia menyamakan seseorang dengan “sunshine” karna memiliki kesamaan yaitu telah memberi cahaya dihidupnya.

Contoh Metafora menurut penggolongannya:

·           Metaphors tentang responsibility

I have to bear the responsibility for this.
The responsibility was weighing on my mind.
I don’t want to be a burden to you.

·           Metaphors juga idioms

Spill the beans.
Give someone a hand.

·           Metaphors tentang relationships

I was very attached to him.
She has split up with her boyfriend.
They greeted us warmly.
It was a very stormy relationship.

·           Metaphors tentang emotion

The news has hit him hard.
It had a huge impact on them.
He has a fiery temper.
The book was received warmly.
I felt a chill of fear.
She treated us with cool indifference.
The future looks very bright.
The news lifted her spirits.
There’s no point in having these dark thoughts.
They were eaten up with hatred.
Mistrust had poisoned their relationship.

·           Metaphors tentang thought and knowledge

A few doubts remained at the back of my mind.
The thought crossed her mind that he was lying.
I don’t want to put any ideas into your head.
I had already planted the idea in her mind.
It was a carefully constructed theory.
Let me know if you dig up anything about him.
I see what you mean.
They recognized the fact that they needed to improve.
We want to get a range of different views.
He kept us in the dark about his plans.

·           Metaphors tentang place and position

We are in a situation where there are no real winners.
They found themselves in a very difficult position.
I’ve been caught between a rock and a hard place.
This is a potential minefield for beginners.
You’ve lost me. What do you mean?
I really think you’re barking up the wrong tree.
I found out I’d been taken for a ride.
They met on a rainy day in January.
He lay awake all through the night.
This week’s gone so fast.
One day, in the distant future, I might go and live abroad.
The weeks crawled by until we could meet again.
She didn’t notice the time slipping by.

·           Metaphors tentang journeys and travelling

The baby arrived just after midnight.
They remembered the departed in their prayers.
His life took an unexpected direction.
What’s the best way of doing it?
I’ve tried being reasonable, and I don’t want to go down that road again.
I haven’t yet reached my goal.
I’d like to return to what David was saying earlier.
He always says things in a roundabout way.
The conversation drifted towards the subject of money.
This term, we will be exploring the psychology of sport.
It is an excellent guide to English vocabulary.
For more information, visit our website.

·           Metaphors tentang up and down

This is an area of high unemployment.
They had raised their prices to unreasonable levels.
The temperature had been falling steadily all day.
There was a collapse in the price of oil.
It is the true story of a millionaire’s meteoric rise from poverty.
They were downtrodden and oppressed.
She had never wanted to climb the greasy pole of politics.
They look down on everyone who isn’t as rich as they are.
They regarded tradesmen as their inferiors.
I felt as high as a kite.
They seem very down about it all.

2.    Simile

Simile adalah gaya bahasa kiasan, dimana suatu keadaan dibandingkan dengan suatu keadaan atau gambaran lain yang serupa. Biasanya ciri khas simile menggunakan kata pembanding seperti “like”, “as”, “such as” dan “as if”. Contohnya ,”as hard as a rock”, “as brave as a lion”, atau “he works hard as if tommorow never comes”.

Jadi, metaphor dan simile memiliki kesamaan yaitu menggunakan bahasa kiasan untuk menggambarkan atau menyamakan suatu keadaan dengan keadaan lainnya. Untuk membedakan nya, ingan kembali ciri khas yang dimiliki kalimat yang menggunakan simile yaitu menggunakan kata pembanding.

References :

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphor

http://www.kelasindonesia.com/2015/03/definisi-dan-contoh-majas-metafora-lengkap.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simile

http://examples.yourdictionary.com/examples-of-similes.html

Allomorph and zero-allomorph

1. Allomorph

Allomorph is variant form of morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbols but it doesn’t change the meaning. There are three types of allomorph, phonologically, morphologically and lexically conditioned allomorph. 

1.    Phonologically conditioned allomorph

The choice of allomorph is predictable on the basis of the pronounciation

·       Allomorph of the indefinite article : an (before vowels, ex : an elephant) and a (before consonant, ex : a dog) both of them have meaning one,single.

·       Allomorphs of the regular past tense morpheme

1. /id/ after d,t : hated
2. /t/ after all other voiceless sounds : picked
3. /d/ after all other voiced sounds : wedged
4. /im/ before bilabial sounds : impossible
5. /il/ before consonant /l/ : illegal
6. /in/ elsewhere : independent

• Some allomorph of the negative prefix in-

2.    Morphologically conditioned allomorph

The choice of allomorph is determined by particular morphemes, not just by their pronounciation, ex : the morpheme –sume in changes to –sumpt- in (consume = consumption)

3.    Lexically conditioned allomorph

The choice of allomorph is unpredictable, thus memorized on a word by word basis, ex : ox –plural- oxen, sheep-plural- sheep.

There are examples of allomorph.

Example :

Three different allomorphs

Cats /s/

Dogs/z/

Boxes/iz/

One different allomorphs

Disagreement /dis/

Discount /dis/

Disbelieve /dis/

 Two different allomorphs

Voiced /d/

Walked /t/

Stopped /t/

Kicked /t/

Note : allomorph occur at every morpheme, ex : agree (one morpheme, one allomorph
)

So, allomorph is variant form of a morpheme about the sounds and phonetic symbol but it doesn’t change the meaning. Allomorph has different in pronounciation and spelling according to their condition. It means that allomorph will have different sound, pronounciation or spelling in different condition.

2. Zero-Allomorph

 

References :

https://wiegecko.wordpress.com/2012/03/24/morph-and-allomorph/ 

http://www.slideshare.net/cuoila/linguistic-0608-office-2003

Morpheme

Morpheme is the smallest grammatical unit in a language. In other words, it is the smallest meaningful unit of a language. morpheme dibagi menjadi free morpheme dan bound morpheme.
A. FREE MORPHEME
Free morpheme (FM) adalah kata yang dapat berdiri sendiri dan berpotensi membentuk kata. Jenis FM ada dua, yaitu lexical morpheme dan functional morpheme. Lexical morpheme dapat menerima imbuhan baik suffix atupun prefix. Sebagai contoh:
Noun House + s Houses
Adjective Un + Happy Unhappy
Verb Write + s Writes
Adverb Slow + ly Slowly
Sementara itu, functional morpheme tidak dapat menerima imbuhan, diantaranya:
1. Pronoun: I, You, They, We, He, She, It
2. Conjunction: And, But, Before, … etc
3. Preposition: In, At, On, … etc
4. Interjection: Ah, Hai, Hallo, Wow, … etc
5. Article: A, An, The
6. Demostrative: That, This, These, Those
B. BOUND MORPHEME
Bound Morpheme (BM) merupakan morpheme yang tidak dapat berdiri sendiri, tidak berpotensi membentuk kata namun berpotensi membentuk imbuhan. Adapun jenisnya adalah Derivational Morpheme (DM) dan Inflectional Morpheme (IM). DM dapat membentuk kata baru. Sedangkan makna dan kelas kata dapat berubah atau tidak. DM terbagi menjadi 2 jenis, yaitu:
a. Derivational prefix: Irregular, Dislike
b. Derivational suffix: Careless, Fortunately
Kata irregular dan dislike di atas telah mendapatkan prefix ir dan dis. Penambahan prefix di atas jelas merubah maknanya bahkan menjadi antonim dari kata asalnya yaitu regular dan like. Meski demikian, kelas kata tidak mengalami perubahan yaitu tetap adjective (irregular dan regular) dan verb transitif (like dan dislike). Seringkali, kata-kata yang dibentuk DM mengubah kelas katanya, misal —ness mengubah adjective good menjadi noun goodness.
Sementara itu, IM tidak dapat membentuk kata baru. Makna dan kelas kata tidak berubah. Lebih tepatnya, IM digunakan untuk kebutuhan grammar misalnya untuk menunjukkan apakah suatu kata plural atau singular noun, past atau bukan, atau apakah comparative atau possesive. Misalnya morpheme —ed ditambahkan pada verb produce untuk membentuk past tense produced, morpheme —est ditambahkan pada adjective tall untuk membentuk superlative tallest.

references :
https://teknologiindustripertanian.wordpress.com/2012/11/23/penjelasan-morpheme-bahasa-inggris/