DISCOURSE ANALYSIS

1.      Definition of Discourse

a.       Discourse is a speech or piece of writing about a particular, usually serious, subject:

b.      Discourse is the use of words to exchange thoughts and ideas

c.       Discourse is communication of thought by words; talk; conversation: earnest and intelligent discourse.

d.      Discourse is a formal discussion of a subject in speech or writing, as a dissertation, treatise, sermon, etc.

e.       Discourse is generally used to designate the forms of representation, codes, conventions and habits of language that produce specific fields of culturally and historically located meanings.

2.      Definition of Ananlysis

a.       Analysis is the process of breaking a complex topic or substance into smaller parts in order to gain a better understanding of it.

b.      Analysis is the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements (opposed to synthesis).

c.       Analysis is this process as a method of studying the nature of something or of determining its essential features and their relations: the grammatical analysis of a sentence.

d.      Analysis is a philosophical method of exhibiting complex concepts or propositions as compounds or functions of more basic ones.

e.       Analysis is a careful study of something to learn about its parts, what they do, and how they are related to each other

3.      Definition of Discourse Analysis

a.       Discourse analysis (DA)  is a general term for a number of approaches to analyze written, vocal, or sign language use, or any significant semiotic event.

b.      Discourse analysis is a broad term for the study of the ways in which language is used in texts and contexts.

c.       Discourse Analysis is the area of linguistics that is concerned with how we build up meaning in the larger communicative rather than grammatical units; meaning in a text, paragraph, conversation, etc, rather than in a single sentence.

d.      Discourse analysis is a hybrid field of enquiry, Its "lender disciplines" are to be found within various corners of the human and social sciences, with complex historical affiliations and a lot of cross-fertilisation taking place.

e.       Discourse analysis is the study of linguistic relations and structures in discourse

References :

http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/discourse

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discourse

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/discourse

https://faculty.washington.edu/mlg/courses/definitions/discourse.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analysis

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/analysis

http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/analysis.html

https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/analysis

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discourse_analysis

http://grammar.about.com/od/d/g/discanalysisterm.htm

https://www.usingenglish.com/glossary/discourse-analysis.html

http://www.english.ugent.be/da

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/discourse%20analysis

Onomatopoeia

Onomatopoeia is defined as a word, which imitates the natural sounds of a thing. It creates a sound effect that mimics the thing described, making the description more expressive and interesting.
For instance, saying, “The gushing stream flows in the forest” is a more meaningful description than just saying, “The stream flows in the forest.” The reader is drawn to hear the sound of a “gushing stream” which makes the expression more effective.
In addition to the sound they represent, many onomatopoeic words have developed meanings of their own. For example, “whisper” not only represents the sound of people talking quietly, but also describes the action of people talking quietly.
Examples :

• The buzzing bee flew away.
• The sack fell into the river with a splash.
• The books fell on the table with a loud thump.
• He looked at the roaring sky.
• The rustling leaves kept me awake.

The different sounds of animals are also considered as examples of onomatopoeia. You will recognize the following sounds easily:

• Meow
• Moo
• Neigh
• Tweet
• Oink
• Baa

reference : http://literarydevices.net/onomatopoeia/

Antonomasia and conversion

Antonomasia

Antonomasia is a literary term in which a descriptive phrase replaces a person’s name.  Antonomasia can range from lighthearted nicknames to epic names.

The phrase antonomasia is derived from the Greek phrase antonomazein meaning “to name differently.”

Example

Imagine that you have a friend who is a fantastic chef, and you want to say hello.

Normal sentence:

“Oh, look! Sam’s arrived!”

Sentence with Antonomasia:

“Oh, look! The great chef has arrived!”

Here, the use of antonomasia allows you to greet your friend with a nickname which also reveals something about his character: he’s a great chef.

•        Conversion

This process is also known as zero-derivation.

This process changes the part of speech and meaning of an existing root without

producing any change in pronunciation or spelling and without adding any affix.

 Process where by an item is adopted or converted to a new word class without the addition of an affix.

Conversion to noun:
            de- verbal:                              'state'                          love, want, desire
                                                            'event/activity'                        laugh, fall, search
                                                            'object of V'               answer, find

            De-adjectival: there is no very productive pattern of adjective-noun conversion. Examples:
                                                I'd like two pints of bitter [=type of beer].
                                                They're running in the final [=final race].
                                               

Conversion to verb:
            De- nominal:              'to put in/on N'                       bottle, garage
                                                'to give N', 'to provide with N' coat, mask, oil, plaster
                                                'to send/go by N'                    mail, telegraph, bicycle, boat

            De-adjectival:  (transitive verbs) 'to make adj'
                                                                           or 'to make more adj' calm, dry, dirty
                                                (intransitive verbs) 'to become adj' empty, narrow, yellow
Conversion to adjective:
            De- nominal:               a brick garage                         ~ the garage is brick
                                    reproduction furniture             ~ this furniture is reproduction

 http://qiru.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/morphology-conversion.html

 http://qiru.blogspot.co.id/2012/12/morphology-conversion.html

Collocation

Collocation

A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.

Collocational range refers to the set of items that typically accompany a word. The size of a collocational range is partially determined by a word's level of specificity and number of meanings.

The term collocation (from the Latin for "place together") was first used in its linguistic sense by British linguist John Rupert Firth (1890-1960), who famously observed, "You shall know a word by the company it keeps."